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ISTORY BY TOPIC 

J. S. HOSSI^ER 



ii«. 



HISTORY BY TOPIC 



A COLLECTION OF NOTES AND OUTLINES OF 

U. S. HISTORY, AS USED IN THE CLASS 

ROOM OF THE AUTHOR. 



J. S. HOSSLER, 

ROCHESTER, MICH. 



J ; . , i : 



I90I. 



the: l'sra'^y of 
ccn'gress, 

Two Cuh'itii Receh/ec 

OCT. 19 1901 

Copyright entry 






COPY a 



Copyrighted 1901, 

BY 
JOHN S. HOSSLER. 



The Patriot to His Flag, ^ 

I will follow thee, my banner, i 

Blessed ensign of the free! i 

Idol of a loyal people, { 

Thou art very dear to me; i 

I'll adore thee in the dark days, ■ 

I'll sustain thee in the fight, — i 

Never fail, thy strong foundation, , 

Honesty and truth and right. 

I will follow thee, my banner. 

Though the clouds of war may lower; j 

Though the booming of the cannon | 

May resound from shore to shore; .! 

Though may fierce and hostile armies J 

Chill the blood that swells each vein ! 

As we see their dread steel glisten, ] 

As they hurtle o'er the plain. i 

I'll adore when all is peaceful, \ 

When our country's day is bright, — j 

That thou ever shouldst wave o'er me, - I 

This shall be my chief delight! 

For thou speakest to me of freedom, i 

Dearer far, than lands or gold! ' 

And I know that all are equal — . 

All o'ershadowed by thy fold. 

But when tyrant hands shall bear thee 

To strange lands across the sea, 
Float thee over conquest's plunder, \ 

Over helpless misery, 
Over crime and spoil and serfdom, ! 

O'er a despot's robber store — 
Then, alas! my honored banner, ] 

I shall follow thee, no more. ■ 

For 'tis not intrinsic value 

Maketh thee so dear to me. 
But the truth, thou symbolizeth, 

That thy people must be free; 
That to thee all men are equal. 

And must feel no tyrant's hand, 
But I'll own thee not, my banner, 

Floating o'er a plundered land. 

J. S. HOSSLER. 



This little book has been prepared, as its title indicates, 
as a guide for a topical history class; and has been used 
by the author for many years with marked success. It will, 
also, be found very useful for reviews or for reference. 

For use in the class, we would recommend that first the 
outline at the heading of each chapter be thoroughly 
learned (where no outline is given, the paragraph heads 
may be used). Let each pupil be able to write it upon the 
board; or, one write as the others dictate. Next study 
each item; the number for each lesson must vary with 
their importance and the capabilities of the pupils ; but be 
thorough. The more kinds of text-books the better, as 
each author will have something that the others have not. 
Review often. Trace the causes of every important event ; 
also, its effects. Any good anecdote that you may give 
concerning an event, will help to impress that event upon 
the pupil's mind. 

Show them that peace is better than war, and that "Hon- 
esty is the best policy;" giving as examples such contrasts 
as Richard H. Lee and Burr, Washington and Arnold, or 
Jackson and Buchanan. Do not dwell upon the detail of 
battle but upon its cause and effect. Learn few dates; a 
few important ones to mark epochs around which the 
others group — what care we whether a battle was fought 
May 1st or August i6th ? We wish for results. 

To teach history, or any other branch, get your pupil 
interested. 

J. S. HOSSLER. 



INDEX 



Page 

Epochs 9 

Prehistoric 9 

Discoverers 10 

Spanish Explorers 11 

French Explorers 12 

Jesuits 14 

English Explorers 14 

Kidnappers 16 

Jamestown 17 

Discoverers — Miscellaneous 19 

Massachusetts . 20 

Plymouth 20 

Connecticut 22 

Rhode Island 23 

New York 23 

New Jersey 24 

Delaware and Pennsylvania 25 

Maryland 25 

Carolinas 26 

Georgia 27 

Diagram of Colonies 28 

Inter-Colonial Wars 28 

Pontiac's War 30 

Revolutionary War 30 

Washington's Administration 33 



8 INDEX. 

Page 

John Adams' Administration 34 

Thomas Jefferson's Administration 34 

James Madison's Administration 35 

James Monroe's Administration 35 

J. Q. Adams' Administration 36 

Andrew Jackson's Administration 36 

Martin Van Buren's Administration 37 

Harrison and Tyler's Administration 38 

James K. Polk's Administration 38 

Taylor and Fillmore's Administration . 39 

Franklin Pierce's Administration 39 

James Buchanan's Administration 40 

Abraham Lincoln's Administration 40 

Andrew Johnson's Administration 42 

Ulysses S. Grant's Administration - 43 

Rutherford B. Hayes' Administration 45 

James A. Garfield and Chester Arthur's Administra- 
tion 45 

Grover Cleveland's Administration 46-47 

Benjamin Plarrison's Administration 46 

William McKinley's Administration 47 

The Spanish War 47 

Merited Titles 50 

Historical Sayings 51 

Miscellaneous Sketches 52 

Great American Inventions 56 



HISTORY BY TOPIC 



EPOCHS. 



Creation to the year 1492 Prehistoric 

1492 to the year 1607 Discovery and Exploration 

1607 to the year 1775 Colonization 

1775 to the year 1789 Revolutionary 

1789 to the year (?) Constitutional 

PREHISTORIC. 

We know the Mound Builders to have existed only by 
the old mounds — probably built for altars — which exist 
throughout the Mississippi Valley; also the old copper 
mines near Lake Superior, where are found copper tools 
tempered as highly as we can now temper steel. It is not 
certain whether they and the people who built the stone 
cities and paved roads still seen in Mexico and Central 
America, and the Cliff Dwellers of New Mexico, were the 
same or different peoples. 

New England was discovered by Lief Erickson in the 
year 1000 and named Vinland. It is supposed that these 
Vikings — Norwegian seamen — built the Old Stone Wind- 



lO 



HISTORY BY TOPIC. 



Mill at Newport, R. L, referred to in Longfellow's poem, 
"The Skeleton in Armor." 

We know not the fate of these early inhabitants, nor 
when nor from where the Indians came. The Indian is 
cruel, lazy, treacherous, haughty and dirty; but grateful 
and hospitable. 

.Columbus San Salvador 

. Pon ce de Leon . . Florida 

. Balboa Pacific Ocean 

. Cortez Mexico 

.Magellan Strait of Magellan 

.De Soto Mississippi River 

1543 Cabrillo Pacific coast to Oregon 

.1565 Menendez St. Augustine 



Discoverers 



Spanish^ 



1492. 
1512. 

1513- 
1518. 
1520. 
1541- 



1524. 
1534. 
1562. 
i French <j 1564. 
1605. 
1608. 
1609. 



. Verrazano Wilmington 

. Cartier St. Lawrence River 

.Ribaut Port Royal, S. C. 

.Laudonniere . ..St. John's River 

.De Monts Port Royal, N. S. 

. Champlain .... Montreal 

. Champlain .... Lake Champlain 



ri497 

I 1576 

English<| 1579 

15S3 

U584 



. . . Cabot Labrador 

. . .Frobisher Frobisher's Straits 

. . . Drake New Albion 

. . .Gilbert Newfoundland 

. . .Raleigh Roanoke Island 



Dutch 1609 Hudson Hudson River 



HISTORY BY TOPIC. II 

SPANISH EXPLORERS. 

1492 : Christopher Columbus, searching for a western 
route to India, discovered San Salvador, on Friday, 
October 12th, after a ten weeks voyage. 

1512 : Ponce de Leon, searching for a fabled fountain 
of immortal youth, discovered Florida. 

1 5 13: Vasco de Balboa, having been told by the In- 
dians of another ocean a little way to the westward, 
climbed to the top of a mountain, and discovered the 
Pacific Ocean. 

1 5 18: Hernando Cortez conquered Mexico and made 
himself notorious for his savage cruelty, in plundering 
the cities, and in murdering the helpless and friendly inhab- 
itants. 

1520: Ferdinand Magellan, searching for a south- 
west passage to India, discovered the Strait of Magellan ; 
sailed through it, and homeward across the Pacific Ocean; 
but was killed by the natives of the Philippine Islands 
where he had landed. He was thus the first circumnavi- 
gator of the globe. 

1 541 : Fernando De Soto, governor of Florida, dis- 
covered the Mississippi River, while exploring the coun- 
try in view of forming an empire, in which the Indians 
were to be enslaved to do the work, while the whites, their 
masters, would live in idleness and gaming. In 1542 
De Soto died, and was buried in the river which he had 



12 HISTORY BY TOPIC. 

discovered ; and the waves of the great Mississippi rolled 
over his fallen form as the waves of righteousness rolled 
over his wicked ambitions. His companions, over half of 
whom had died, were glad to make their way to the 
Spaniards in Mexico. 

1543 : Cabrillo, sent out by Cortez to search for gold, 
explored the Pacific coast from Mexico to Oregon. 

1565: Pedro Menendez founded St. Augustine — the 
oldest town in the United States — after which he led his 
men through the wilderness, and fell upon the settlement 
of French Huguenots — called Carolina — on the St. 
John's River, and massacred almost the whole population. 
Laudonniere and a few companions escaped into the for- 
est and made their way to the coast, where they were 
picked up by a French vessel. 

1582: Espejo founded Santa Fe. 

FRENCH EXPLORERS. 

1524 : Verrazano, a Florentine, commanding a French 
fleet, landed at Wilmington, N^ C, and afterwards ex- 
plored the Atlantic coast to Newfoundland. This coun- 
try he called New France. 

1534: James Cartier discovered the St. Lawrence 
River while out on an expedition of discovery. 

1 562 : John Ribaut founded a colony of Huguenots, 
then persecuted in France, at Port Royal, S. C. After one 
winter, during which they suffered extremely from cold 



HISTORY BY TOPIC. 13 

and hunger — at one time they killed and ate one of their 
own number, — they were carried prisoners to England, 
but were finally allowed to return to France. 

1564: Laudonniere founded a Huguenot colony on 
the St. John's River in Florida. The colonists were of a 
very bad character. Some of them turned pirates. They 
suffered much from hunger and were obliged to eat roots, 
sorrel, pounded fish-bones, and, even, roasted snakes. 

Ribaut having arrived with supplies and additional col- 
onists, the colony was destroyed by Menendez with the 
Spaniards from St. Augustine. 

1605: The first permanent French settlement was 
made at Port Royal, N. S. (Acadia), by De Monts. Al- 
though agriculture was introduced into America from the 
first, the prime object of the settlement was the fur trade. 
Huguenots tolerated. 

1608: Samuel Champlain founded Quebec for the 
purpose of the fur trade, and as a Catholic mission. The 
next summer he joined a war party of Huron Indians 
against the Iroquois of New York, for the purpose of 
exploration. While on this expedition, he discovered Lake 
Champlain ; but he, also, gained the enmity of the Iroquois, 
who afterwards made an alliance with the English to ex- 
pel the French from the country ; this was probably an in- 
direct cause that decided whether this should be an English 
Protestant, or a French Catholic nation. 



14 HISTORY BY TOPIC. 



JESUITS. 



The Jesuit Missionaries, who explored the Mississippi 
Valley with the hope of converting the Indians to the 
Catholic faith, endured great hardship. Some were 
burned, some were scalded, and some suffered other 
cruelties; yet they did not falter. In 1668 they founded 
the Mission of St. Mary — the oldest. European settlement 
in Michigan. 

1673 : Marquette hearing from the Indians of a great 
river, The Father of Waters, took a trip down the Wis- 
consin to the Mississippi, which he descended to Arkansas. 
La Salle afterwards descended it to the Gulf of Mexico. 

Marquette died while at prayer, and was buried near the 
mouth of the Marquette River. Michigan perpetuates his 
memory by naming a city, a county, and a river in his 
honor. Detroit, the first settlement as a colony in Michi- 
gan, was founded by DeMonts Cadillac in 1701. 

ENGLISH EXPLORERS. 

1497: John Cabot discovered Labrador; and on his 
return home took with him tw^o Indians and a turkey ; the 
first ever seen in Europe. 

1579: Francis Drake sought wealth by preying upon 
Spanish vessels. At one time, having landed on the 
Isthmus of Panama, he climbed to the top of a lofty tree 
from where he saw the Pacific Ocean ; and there he resolved 



HISTORY BY TOPIC. 1 5 

to sail an English ship upon its waters. He returned to 
England, fitted out a ship, sailed through the Strait of 
Magellan, coasted along the shore to Oregon, naming it 
New Albion — and then fearing the Spaniards, returned 
home across the Pacific. 

1583 : Sir Humphrey Gilbert attempted to establish a 
colony on Newfoundland ; but his men being unruly, and 
spending their time searching for gold and silver, the 
enterprise was abandoned. The vessel in which he sailed 
for home foundered, and all on board perished. 

1584: Sir Walter Raleigh sent a company of men to 
Roanoke Island to found a colony. The leaders, Amidas 
and Barlow, were incompetent, and in less than two 
months, the settlement was abandoned. 

In 1585 a second attempt was made ; the company being 
composed of the young nobility under the leadership of 
Ralph Lane. Having provoked the Indians to hostilities 
by burning their village they became despondent, and, 
when Drake happened that way with his fleet, they per- 
suaded him to take them home ; but left fifteen men to hold 
possession. 

The next year a third company, composed of families, 
was sent out; but the fifteen who had been left on the 
island were missing. In the fall, feigning fear of starva- 
tion, they sent their governor, John White, to England for 
supplies ; when he returned the colonists were missing and 
their fate has never been learned ; but it is supposed that 



l6 HISTORY BY TOPIC. 

they were killed by the Indians. The project was then 
abandoned. Virginia Dare, Gov. White's granddaughter, 
was the first child born of English parents in America. 

Although Raleigh failed in his colonizing scheme, he' 
was successful in introducing into Europe two plants 
whose use he had learned from the Indians ; vis., the potato 
and tobacco. The first being regarded as dangerous, as it 
belonged to the botanical family of night-shade; while the 
other was eagerly sought after. 

KIDNAPPERS. 

1 501: Caspar Cortereal, a Portuguese navigator, 
explored the coast from Maine to the icebergs ; then kid- 
napped fifty Indians whom he took home and sold for 
slaves. He made another trip for more slaves ; but neither 
he nor his brother who afterwards came out to search for 
him wxre ever again heard from. 

1520: De Ayllon, a Spaniard, made a kidnapping 
expedition to South Carolina to obtain slaves for the mines 
of Hayti. Having invited a crowd of natives on board, he 
suddenly closed the hatches, and set sail. One vessel sank ; 
and many on the other starved themselves rather than 
become slaves. 



HISTORY BY TOPIC. 



17 



Jamestown <j 



JAMESTOWN. 

1607 — Founded — Ivondon Company. 

1608 — "He who would not work should not eat." 

— Smith. 
1609-10 — Starving time. 
1613 — Marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe. 

^ f Introduction of Negro slavery. 

^ \ P'irst Legislative Assembly in America. 
1622 — Indian Massacre. 
1624 — Royal Province. 
1644 — Indian Massacre. 

! Navigation Act. 
Only freeholders voters. 
Quaker — fined. 
1676 — Bacon's Rebellion. 

1 607 : Jamestown, founded by Cavaliers sent out by 
the London Company, under the command of Christopher 
Newport. Settlers, seeking gold or else idle. All work 
done in common. Indians hostile. Colony not prosperous. 

1608: John Smith, being elected president, declared 
that "He who would not work should not eat." Colony 
prosperous. 

1609-10: Smith, being w^ounded, is taken to Eng- 
land. Colonists become a prey to disease, famine, and the 
Indians ; this period is known as The Starving Time. 

1613: Pocahontas and John Rolfe married; thus 
securing the friendship of the Indians during the life of 
Powhatan. 

1619 : A Dutch trading vessel landed twenty Negroes 
for sale — sowed the seed which caused the great Civil 
War. 



1 8 HISTORY BY TOPIC. 

Governor Yeardley, believing tliat *'The colonists 
should have a hande in the governing of themselves," 
called July 30th, 161 9, the first legislative assembly ever 
convened in America. 

Colony prosperous. Tobacco extensively cultivated. 
Each man tills his own farm. One hundred and fifty nice 
young women sent from England to become wives to the 
planters. Religious freedom. All freemen voters. 

1622 : The Indians seeing their own destruction in the 
rapidly increasing settlements, plot their destruction. Plot 
revealed by an Indian to a friend whom he wishes to save. 
Nearly one-half of the settlers killed; but they finally con- 
quer the Indians. 

1624: The King being displeased with the freedom 
exercised by the London Company, took away their 
charter. 

1644: Indian massacre; followed by a war which 
entirely destroyed the Virginian Indian tribes. The few 
Indians not killed, retiring into the forests and joining 
other tribes. 

1660: Navigation Act — all goods to be imported 
from or exported to England, and to be carried on English 
vessels only. The members of the Assembly, royalists 
w^ho fixed their own salary at $9 per day, and refused to 
leave the office at the expiration of their term. Voting 
restricted to freeholders. 

Quakers fined $100 per month for absence from worship 



HISTORY BY TOPIC. IQ 

in the English Church. People of two parties : Aristocrats 
and Patriots. 

1676: Bacon's Rebellion : Governor Berkeley failing 
to provide for defense against the Indians, Nathaniel 
Bacon, leader of the Patriots, rallies a force, defeats the 
Indians; then turns upon Berkeley who has declared him 
traitor. Berkeley defeated. Jamestown burned. Bacon 
dies. Berkeley returns to destroy the patriots ; after he has 
hanged twenty of them the Assembly interfere and stop 
the slaughter. 

1492 — Columbus Discovery San Salvador. 

1497 — Cabot ** Labrador. 

1512 — DeLeon " Florida. 

1513 — Balboa " Pacific Ocean. 

1518 — Cortez Conquest Mexico. 

1520-Magellan Discovery j ^^^^^^ ^^ Magellan. 

^ ^ ■'I Circumnavigator of World 

1524 — Verrazano " Wilmington. 

1534 — Cartier " St. Lawrence River. 

1541 — De Soto Conquest Mississippi River. 

1 543 — Cabrillo Discovery Pacific to Oregon , 

1562 — Ribaut Colonization Port Royal, S. C. 

1564 — Laudonniere ... " St. Johns River, Fla. 

1565 — Menendez " St. Augustine. 

1579 — Drake Privateering New Albion. 

1583 — Gilbert Colonization Newfoundland. 

1584— Raleigh " Roanoke Island. 

1602— Gosnold Trade Cape Cod. 

1605 — DeMonts Colonization Port Royal, N. S. 

1607 — Newport " Jamestown. 

1608 — Champlain Fur Trade Quebec. 

1600— \ Cbamplain. . .Discovery Lake Champlain. 

^ ( Hudson " Hudson River. 

1613— Dutch Trade Manhattan Island. 

1626 — Minuit Colonization New Amsterdam. 

1668— Jesuit Missionaries St. Mary's, Mich. 

1673— Marquette Discovery Mississippi R. Wis. to Ark. 



20 



HISTORY BY TOPIC. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 



Massachusetts * 



1620— John Carver — Plymouth. 

1623 — Famine resulting from common labor, 

1628 — Massachusetts Bay Colony— Endicott. 

1631 — Suffrage to Puritans only. 

1636— Roger Willams and Anne Hutchinson 

banished. 
1638 — Harvard College — ^John Harvard. 
1643— United Colonies of New England. 
1660 — Navigation Act. 
1675 — King Philip's War. 
1684 — Royal Province. 
1686 — Edmund Andros. 
1692 — Salem Witchcraft. 
1 74 1— New Hampshire set off as a distinct 

province. 
1820 — Maine separated from Massachusetts and 

made a State. 



PLYMOUTH. 



1620: The Plymouth Colony was formed by a band 
of one hundred Puritans who, leaving England to obtain! 
religious freedom, crossed the Atlantic in the Mayflower 
and landed in a storm of snow and sleet, on December 21st. 
They suffered extremely from cold and sickness during 
the first winter. Government a pure republic. Colonists 
honest, frugal, industrious, and extremely religious. 

1623 : Famine. 

1628: A tract of land, embracing Plymouth, is 
granted to the Massachusetts Bay Company. 



HISTORY BY TOPIC. 21 

1631 : The right of suffrage denied to all but Puritans. 

1636 : Roger Williams, a pious young minister, for his 
liberal religious teachings, is ordered to be sent back to 
England. He flees to the forest. Canonicus, a Narragan- 
sett chieftain, gives him land and he founds Providence. 

Mrs. Anne Hutchinson banished for her religious 
beliefs. 

Twenty years later the Quakers are fined, whipped, 
imprisoned, banished, and hanged. 

1643: Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, New Haven, 
and Connecticut colonies form a union for defense against 
the Indians, the Dutch, and the French. 

1675 : King Philip, jealous of the encroachment of the 
whites upon his territory, forms a confederation of the 
Indian tribes against them. A fierce war follows, result- 
ing in the defeat of the Indians. Philip is killed by a faith- 
less Indian near Bristol, Rhode Island. 

1684: Plymouth is made a royal province, and 
Edmund Andros, an unprincipled and high-handed tyrant,, 
is sent over as royal governor, and gives the people a great 
deal of trouble for the next few years. 

1692: A strange, cruel delusion possesses the people; 
they accuse one another of being under the control of 
Satan. The best people are accused; great numbers are 
imprisoned ; fifty tortured, and twenty hanged before the 
people awake to their folly. This is known as the Salem 
Witchcraft. 



22 HISTORY BY TOPIC. 

Maine and New Hampshire had been settled at Dover 
and Portsmouth by Mason and Gorges in 1623, but were 
soon joined to Massachusetts. 

CONNECTICUT. 



Connecticut 



163 1 — Windsor founded. 

1637 — Pequod War. 

1662 — Royal Charter. 

1687 — Royal Governor — Andros. 



1631 : Connecticut first settled at Windsor by colon- 
ists sent out by Lords Say-and-Seal and Brook. 

1637: The Pequod Indians begin a w^ar against the 
English who, under the command of John Mason, sur- 
round them in a swamp and utterly destroy them as a tribe. 

1662: A Royal Charter is obtained uniting the Con- 
necticut colonies. A very liberal and precious document. 

1687: Edmund Andros arrives with a commission as 
royal governor. When he demands the charter it is refused 
him ; and secreted in a hollow tree, since called the Charter 
Oak. Andros, however, assumes the government. 

1639: The first written constitution recorded in his- 
tory, framed for the people by the people, was the one unit- 
ing Hartford, Wethersfield, and Windsor, which was then 
called the Connecticut Colony. 



HISTORY BY TOPIC. 23 

RHODE ISLAND. 

{1636 — Providence founded — Williams. 
1644— Charter. 
1647 — Freedom of Faith. 

1636 : Providence founded by Roger Williams on land 
purchased of the Indians. He is soon joined by Mrs. 
Hutchinson and other exiles from Massachusetts. 

Williams' idea of religious freedom — that the civil 
power has no right to interfere with the religious opinions 
— is soon stamped upon the colony. 

1644: The people wishing to join the New England 
Union, Williams goes to England and obtains a charter 
for his colony. 

1647: The people agree upon a code of laws which 
guarantee freedom of faith and worship to all — the first 
legal declaration of liberty of conscience ever adopted in 
America or Europe. 

1764: Brown University founded. 

NEW YORK. 

1613 : New Amsterdam is founded as a trading station 
by the Dutch East India Company. 

1623: The Dutch West India Company take control 
and begin active colonization. The next year many Wal- 
loons, Belgian Protestants, come over. 

1626: Minuit, the first governor, arrives and pur- 



24 HISTORY BY TOPIC. 

chases Manhattan Island of the Indians for sixty guilders, 
twenty-four dollars — about one mill per acre. The com- 
pany allow any person forming a settlement of fifty peo- 
ple, to buy land of the Indians ; the titles to which should 
descend to their heirs forever. These persons were called 
''patroons" of the manor. 

Peter Stuyvesant, the last and best of the four Dutch 
governors — although a good, wise and just ruler — v^as 
opposed to all republican sentiment. 

1664: The people tiring of the strict Dutch rule, sur- 
render to England; but are denied the rights enjoyed by 
their English neighbors, and from then until the Revolu- 
tion live in constant strife. 

1696: William Kidd, of New York, sent out to sup- 
press piracy, turns pirate; but is afterwards captured in 
Boston, taken to England, and hanged. 

NEW JERSEY. 

1618: Dutch form a settlement at Bergen. 

1664 : The English, now having possession, form their 
first settlement at Elizabethtown. The land being owned 
by Berkeley and Carteret ; Berkeley sells his part — the west 
half — to William Penn and other Quakers. The previous 
settlers were mostly Puritans and Presbyterians. 

After much trouble among the people, the proprietors 
surrender their rights to the crown. 



HISTORY BY TOPIC. 25 

PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE. 

(1638— Christiana settled by the Swedes. 
1654— Conquered by the Dutch. 
1682 — Granted to Penn. 

1683 : Pennsylvania settled by William Penn at Phil- 
adelphia as a home for the Quakers, on land granted to 
him by the English King, and for which he had, also, pur- 
chased a claim from the Swedes. He also made a peace 
treaty with the Indians which was never broken. 

The Great Laiu was a code agreed upon by the legisla- 
tive body called by Penn from the settlers soon after his 
arrival. It made faith in Christ a necessary qualification 
for voting or office holding; but provided that no one 
believing in "Almighty God" should be molested in his 
religious views. This colony established without blood- 
shed. After the Revolution, Penn's heirs sell their rights 
to the State of Pennsylvania. 

^7^3-7 '• Trouble over the Maryland line is settled by 
two surveyors, Mason and Dixon. This line afterwards 
becomes famous as the dividing line between the slave and 
the free states. 

MARYLAND. 

1634 : The first settlement is made at St. Mary's by a 
company sent from England by Lord Baltimore, Cecil 
Calvert, who has obtained a charter from King Charles 
to found a colony for the Catholics who are persecuted in 
England. 



26 HISTORY BY TOPIC. 

1635: Clayborne's Rebellion: Virginia claiming a 
part of Maryland, Clayborne, a member of the Jamestown 
council, prepares to defend his claim by force of arms ; but 
after ten years of disputing and fighting he is driven out 
of the disputed territory. 

"The Toleration Act" passed by the Assembly grants to 
all Christians the right to worship God according to the 
dictates of their own consciences — Rhode Island had two 
years before passed an act protecting every kind of reli- 
gious worship. Maryland extends this protection to Chris- 
tians only. The Protestants gaining control of the As- 
sembly, ungratefully and unjustly disfranchise the Catho- 
lics. 

THE CAROLINAS. 

1663 : Albemarle founded by Lord Clarendon. 

1670: Charleston founded. These colonies contain 
many Dutch and French people. At one time there were 
16,000 Huguenots in Charleston, and, being thrifty, man- 
nerly, charitable and severely moral, they became a valua- 
ble acquisition to the colony. They, also, introduced the 
olive, the mulberry, and many choice varieties of pears. 

The captain of a vessel from Madagascar presented the 
governor of the Carteret Colony with a bag of rice which 
was sown and thrived wonderfully. Rice is now a staple 
product of South Carolina. 

The Grand Model was a magnificent but impossible 
scheme for governing the colony. It was prepared by Lord 
Shaftsbury and John Locke. 



HISTORY BY TOPIC. 2/ 

Tiring of disputes with the people, the proprietors ceded 
their rights to the crown. The two colonies, which had 
from the beginning separate governors, were made sepa- 
rate provinces. 

GEORGIA. 

1733: Savannah founded by James Oglethorpe, who 
had conceived the idea of founding for burdened debtors 
a refuge from the severe laws of England, and to whom 
George 11. granted a tract of land for that purpose. Rich 
people of England donate to the enterprise. Many people 
come to obtain religous freedom; among these are the 
gentle Moravians, the sturdy Scotch Presbyterians, the 
frugal Lutherans, and the zealous Methodists. John Wes- 
ley, founder of Methodism, and his brother and aid, 
Charles Wesley, lived and labored here for a season; 
w^hile the celebrated George Whitefield afterwards 
preached there, often to from 20,000 to 40,000, and on 
one occasion to 60,000 people. 

The trustees limit the size of a man's farm, will not 
allow women to inherit land, forbid the importation of 
rum and of slaves. Oglethorpe makes a peace treaty w^ith 
the Indians, which is duly kept by all parties. 



28 



HISTORY BY TOPIC. 



o 
u 



1607 — Virginia — Jamestown — London Company — New- 
port — Speculation. 

161 3 — New York — New Amsterdam — Dutch East India 
Company — Trade. 

1620 — Massachusetts — Plymouth — Pilgrims — Carver — 
Religion. 

1623 — New Hampshire — Portsmouth and Dover — Mason 
and Gorges — Speculation. 

1631 — Connecticut — Windsor — Say-and-Seal and Brook- 
Speculation. 

1634 — Maryland — St. Mary's — Calvert — Religion. 

1636 — Rhode Island — Providence — Williams — Religion. 

1638 — Delaware — Christiana — Swedes — Agriculture. 

1663 — North Carolina — Albemarle — Clarendon — Specula- 
tion. 

1664 — New Jersey — Elizabethtown — Berkeley and Car- 
teret — Speculation. 

1670 — South Carolina — Charleston — Clarendon — Specu- 
lation. 

1683 — Pennsylvania — Philadelphia — Penn — Religion. 

1733 — Georgia — Savannah — Oglethorpe — Home for 
Poor. 

1 565 — Florida — St. Augustine — Menendez — Colonization. 

1605 — Port Royal (now Annapolis) De Monts — Trade. 

1608 — Quebec — Champlain — Colonization. 

1690 — Kaskaskia Illinois — LaSalle — Mission. 

166S — St. Mary's, Mich. — Jesuits — Mission. 

1 701 — Detroit — Cadillac — Colonization. 

1775 — Boonesborough, Ky. — Daniel Boone, a famous 
hunter. 



INTER-COLONIAL WARS. 
King Williams War (1689-97): France vs. Eng- 
land. After fighting for a period of eight years the colon- 
ies not affected by the treaty of Rysvvick which established 
peace. 



HISTORY BY TOPIC. 29 

Queen Ann's War (1702-13): England vs. France 
and Spain. By the treaty of Utrecht England acquires 
Acadia. 

King George's War (1744-48) : England vs. France. 
The only important event being the capture of Louisburg 
by the colonial troops and the British regulars. The for- 
mer did the lighting, while the latter took the glory and the 
reward. By the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle the colonies 
were left as before the war. 

French and Indian War (1754-63): England vs. 
France. Cause, conflicting claims of title to lands wxst of 
the Alleghany Mountains and north of the Ohio River. 

George Washington (twenty-one years of age) sent to 
carry a message to the French requesting their -removal. 
His journey of 400 miles and return full of adventure. 

1759: Wolfe, the English, and Montcalm, the French 
general, both killed in the famous Battle of Quebec. 

By the treaty of Paris in 1763 Spain ceded Florida to 
England. France ceded to England all of her territory 
east of the Mississippi excepting New Orleans, and two 
small fishing stations near Newfoundland; while she 
ceded New Orleans and all her lands west of the Missis- 
sippi to Spain. 

Benefits to the Colonists: Sectional jealousies allayed; 
self-reliance, democratic ideas, desire for liberty, indepen- 
dent thought, trained for fighting, and knowledge of their 
power. 



30 HISTORY BY TOPIC. 

PONTIAC'S WAR. 
When the English took possession of the forts taken 
from the French by the French and Indian War, the In- 
dians became very much dissatisfied. Pontiac, chief of the 
Ottawas, formed a confederation of the Indians to exterm- 
inate the Enghsh. Detroit was saved by an Indian maiden, 
who revealed the plot to Major Gladwin, whom she wished 
to save. Eight forts were surprised and captured, and 
thousands of people were driven in terror from their 
homes ; when, the Indians disagreeing among themselves, 
the confederation was broken. Pontiac was killed by an 
Indian for the bribe of a barrel of whiskey. The city of 
Pontiac, near his old home in Oakland Co., Mich., per- 
petuates this bold chieftain's name. 

REVOEUTIONARY WAR. 

Causes : The English people considered the colonists 
as inferior beings, existing solely for their benefit; the 
laws were made to favor the English without regard to 
the rights of the colonists. 

The colonists were not allowed to manufacture, to 
speak, to think, to buy and sell where they wished. 

Writs of Assistance — rights to search for smuggled 
goods — whereby any petty officer could ransack a man's 
house or store at his pleasure. 

Taxation without representation. TJie Stamp Act 
(1765) requiring British stamps put upon all legal docu- 



HISTORY BY TOPIC. 3 1 

ments, newspapers, pamphlets, advertisements, etc. Sons 
of Liberty organized to oppose these measures and Daugh- 
ters of Liberty to encourage and sustain the Sons of 
Liberty. 

Mutiny Act, which ordered the colonists to provide food 
and shelter for the British soldiers sent over to oppress 
them. 

Boston Massacre (March 5th, 1770) : British troops 
had been sent to Boston to awe the people into submis- 
sion. A crowd of men and boys, maddened by their 
presence, insulted them, when a fight ensued resulting in 
three citizens being killed, and nine more wounded. 
These soldiers being tried for murder were defended by 
the true patriots, John Adams and Josiah Quincy; and, 
with the exception of two convicted of manslaughter, all 
were acquitted. 

Boston Tea Party: A party of men disguised as Mo- 
hawk Indians boarded the boats and threw overboard into 
Boston Harbor 342 chests of tea which were to be forced 
upon the colonists. 

First Continental Congress (Sept. 5th, 1774) convened 
at Philadelphia, agreed upon a declaration of rights, re- 
commended a suspension of commercial intercourse with 
England, and sent a petition to the King. 

''Minute Men" Organised: Members to be ready to start 
for war at a minute's notice. 

Battle of Lexington (April 19th, 1775) was the first 
battle. 



32 HISTORY BY TOPIC. 

Battle of Bunker Hill: Gen. Warren killed. 

Ticonderoga captured by Allen and Arnold. 

Second Continental Congress: Voted to raise an army 
of 20,000 men with George Washington commander-in- 
chief. 

Soldiers poorly fed and clothed. 

Attack on Quebec repulsed. 

Declaration of Independence passed July 4th, 1776; 
this is why we celebrate. 

IVashington's Retreat, a military masterpiece. 

Battle of Trenton: Washington surprises the Hessians. 

Battle of Princeton: Washington surprises Cornwal- 
lis. 

Battles of Bradyzuine and Germantown. -' 

Biirgoynes Invasion. 

Battles of Saratoga. 

Conway Cabal: Conway attempts to displace Wash- 
ington. 

Valley Forge, with its terrible destitution and sufferings. 

Aid from France at the solicitation of Franklin. 

Wyoming Massacre headed by the inhuman John Butler. 

Stony Point. 

Naval Exploits: Paul Jones. 

Battle of Camden. 

Finances: Robert Morris sacrifices his fortune on the 
nation's altar. 

Arnold's Treason: Death of Andre. 



HISTORY BY TOPIC. 33 

Green in the South: Marion, Sumpter, Lee, and 
Pickens. 

Yorktozm: Surrender of the British army. 

Treaty of Paris 1783 establishing our independence. 

Articles of Confederation. 

Shay's Rebellion. 

Constitution Adopted Sept. 17th, 1787. 

WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1789: Washington inaugurated first President of the 
United States on April 30th. His journey to New York, 
the temporary capital, a continuous ovation. Many diffi- 
culties confront the new republic ; she had no credit ; her 
treasury was empty; the Indians were hostile; Barbary 
pirates were capturing our vessels and seamen ; Spain re- 
fused us the right to navigate the Mississippi ; and Eng- 
land had sent no minister to treat with us. 

Congress, by the advice of Alexander Hamilton, Secre- 
tary of Treasury, assumed the state debts contracted dur- 
ing the Revolution, and agreed to pay the national debt 
in full and to redeem the continental money. A mint was 
established at Philadelphia. 

Whiskey Rebellion: Pennsylvania refused to pay the 
tax on liquors, but yielded on the appearance of 15,000 
government troops. 

Indians, under Little Turtle, defeated by Gen. Wayne. 

England carries off our negroes, impresses our seamen, 



34 HISTORY BY TOPIC. 

and demands payment of debts due her. Jay's Treaty or- 
ders the debts paid. Spain cedes the navigation of the 
Mississippi. Algiers, by treaty, releases our captives. 
Genet, French minister, fitting out American vessels to aid 
France in her war with England, Washington demands 
his recall. Washington declines to serve over two terms, 
thus establishing a principle of common law. 

John Adams (1797-1801) : Federalist. Alien Law, 
giving the President power to expel from the country any 
foreigner whom he deemed injurious to the country; and 
the Sedition Law, imposing fine and imprisonment for 
libeling Congress or the President, are passed; but were 
very unpopular. France insults our flag and captures our 
vessels; and refuses to accept our envoys unless they re- 
ceive bribes ; to which Charles Pinckney replies, "Millions 
for defense but not one cent for tribute." Preparations 
for war; but Napoleon being appointed First Consul of 
France, makes peace. Washington dies at his home at Mt. 
Vernon Dec. 14th, 1799, at the age of sixty-eight years, 
from the effects of the dread membranous croup. Capital 
removed to Washington in 1800. 

Jkfs^ERSOn's i\DMiNiSTRATiON (1801-9): Republican; 
but chosen by the House of Representatives. Purchase of 
Louisiana, comprising over 1,000,000 square miles, for 
$15,000,000, in 1803. Aaron Burr kills Hamilton in a 
duel. Burr arrested for treason, but acquitted; still he 
was believed to be guilty, which could not be proved. Tri- 
poli bombarded. The Embargo Act ( "O, Grab Me Act" ) , 



HISTORY BY TOPIC. 35 

a retaliatory measure against England and France for 
passing bills injurious to our commerce. Impressment of 
American seamen into the British navy. 

James Madison (Republican) : From 1809 to 181 7. 
Battle of Tippecanoe: The Indians incited to hostilities 
by English emissaries are routed with great slaughter by 
Gen. W. H. Harrison. War declared against England 
June 19th, 1812. It had been said of Madison, "He could 
not be kicked into a fight." The treaty of Ghent which 
terminated this war fails to mention the prime factor of the 
war, impressment, yet, we had punished England so se- 
verely that no nation has since dared to repeat her offense. 
Creek Indians of Alabama and Georgia defeated by Gens. 
Jackson and Coffee on the Horseshoe Bend of the Talla- 
poosa River. 

Com. Decatur sent with a squadron to the Barbary 
States effectually quells their piracies in 181 5. 

James Monroe (1817-25). The unanimous choice of 
the people was a republican, but owing to the perfect ac- 
cord in politics this was called "The Era of Good Feel- 
ings." 

"Missouri Compromise," introduced by Henry Clay, 
admits Missouri as a slave state ; but prohibits all slavery 
west of the Mississippi and north of the southern bounds 
of Missouri. LaFayette the nation's guest. 

Spain cedes Florida to the United States in 1819. 

Monroe Doctrine, promulgated in 1823, asserts that, 
"The American continents, by the free and independent 



36 HISTORY BY TOPIC. 

condition which they have assumed and maintained, are 
henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future col- 
onization by any European powers." 

John Q. Adams ( 1825-29) : Chosen by House of Rep- 
resentatives. Erie Canal projected by DeWitt Clinton, 
governor of New York, opened in 1825. First railroad 
in the United States, the Baltimore and Ohio, built in 1828. 
"American System," a protective tariff proposed by Henry 
Clay, causes violent debates, and bring-s defeat to his party 
in the election. 

Andrew Jackson (1829-37) : Democrat. Noted for 
his honesty and inflexibility, but introduces the harmful 
principle of rotation in office, or the motto, "To the victor 
belongs the spoils." South Carolina declares the tariff 
laws "null and void;" and threatens secession if attempt is 
made to enforce them; but when Gen. Scott is sent to 
Charleston with troops the state submits. Financial strin- 
gency, caused by the United States Bank contracting its 
loans, relieved by the "Wild-cat Banks" (local banks, 
where the money withdrawn from the national bank, was 
deposited, and where money was obtained on such easy 
terms as to stimulate speculation to an unwarranted de- 
gree ; and which had its disastrous reaction in Van Buren's 
administration). 

Black Hawk War (1832) :— The Sac, Fox and Win- 
nebago Indians make war upon the people who come to 
settle lands in Illinois, which the government had pur- 
chased twenty years before. Gen. Atkinson captured the 



HISTORY BY TOPIC. 37 

famous chief, Black Hawk, and sent him to the large cities 
of the east to see the resources of the white man ; when he 
returned he advocated peace; and war ended. 

Cherokee War (1837-8) : — After several years of dis- 
pute and barter wdth the Cherokee Indians, of Georgia, 
they are removed to Indian Territory. Over $5,000,000 
had been paid them for their lands. This was the most 
civilized and humane of all Indian tribes. They had 
schools, printing presses, farms, towns, and written laws. 

Seminole War (1835): — An attempt to remove the 
Seminole Indians, in accordance with a treaty, to lands 
west of the Mississippi, resulted in their chief Osceola 
forming a plot to massacre the whites. After several bat- 
tles they retired into the everglades, where they were de- 
feated by Col. Taylor in the Battle of Okeechobee. 

Jackson asks Congress to make reprisals on French 
ships to secure a $5,000,000 damage claim wdiich France 
affered to settle the damage done to our commerce during 
Napoleon's wars. By the mediation of England, France 
paid the claim. 

Van Buren's Administration (1837-41) : — A Dem- 
ocrat. 18^7: Financial Crisis, in which men, states, 
and even the United States, were unable to pay their debts. 

Canadian Rebellion: The President issues a proclama- 
tion refusing protection to those crossing to Canada to aid 
the Canadians in their struggle against England by supply- 
ing arms or volunteers. 

Ashhiirton Treaty, formulated by Lord Ashburton and 



38 PIISTORY BY TOPIC. 

Daniel Webster, settles the Maine and New Brunswick 
boundary. 

WiiviviAM H. Harrison (1841-45 : — Whig. Dies after 
one month and John Tyler becomes President. 

Rhode Island adopts a new constitution in an illegal 
manner and elects T. W. Dorr Governor. Dorr raises a 
rebellion against the lawful government. He is arrested, 
convicted of treason ; but afterwards pardoned. 

Anti-Rent Difficulties: — Tenants of the old patroon 
estates refuse to pay rent and tar and feather those who do 
and kill officers attempting to serve warrants upon them. 
It is put down by military force. 

Mormons driven out of Illinois. 

First Magnetic Telegraph is built from Baltimore to 
Washington. The first words, ''What hath God wrought ?" 
were followed with the announcement of Polk's nomina- 
tion for President. The Texans, under Sam. Houston, 
having won their independence from Mexico, knock at 
our door for admittance, and are finally admitted in 1845. 

Jame:s K. P01.K (1845-49), Democrat. Texas admitted 
into the Union. Northwestern boundary dispute settled at 
49^ instead of 54° 40', as claimed by the United States. 

Mexican War, by which we gain all territory south to 
the Gila and west to the Pacific. 

Wilmot Proviso, excluding slavery from acquired terri- 
tory, lost in Congress ; but produces violent debate. 

Gold in California discovered in 1848. Emigrants come 
from all parts of the w^orld in such numbers that in two 
years' time that then wild territory is admitted as a State. 



history by topic. 39 

Taylor and Fillmore's Administration (1849-53), 
Whigs : — Taylor dies soon after taking the office, and Fill- 
more becomes President. The Omnibus Bill, proposed by 
Clay, provides that California shall be a free state; That 
the Territories of Utah and Nezu Mexico should be formed 
without mention of slavery; That $10,000,000 be paid 
Texas for her claim to Nezv Mexico; That the slave trade 
be prohibited in the District of Columbia, and that a fugi- 
tive Slave Law be enacted, providing for the return of 
run-away slaves. 

Cuba invaded by about 500 adventurers, who wished to 
make it a part of the United States. They are defeated and 
their leader, Lopez, is hanged in Havana (1851). 

Two noted statesmen, Henry Clay and Daniel Webster, 
both die in 1852. 

Uncle Tom's Cabin published, 1850; Kane's Arctic Ex- 
pedition. 

Franklin PiKrce (1853-57), Democrat: — The Kan- 
sas Nebraska Bill, by Stephen A. Douglas, provides for 
two new territories, Kansas and Nebraska; leaving the 
people the right to decide whether the states should be 
free or slave ('^squatter sovereignty"). This being con- 
trary to the Missouri Compromise, the struggle was now 
taken from Congress to Kansas; where occur armed con- 
flicts between the '7^0'^'^^^'^'l^Gi's" and the '*Border-Ruf- 
fians," as the opposing parties were called. The Gadsden 
Purchase: To settle a disputed Mexican line, $10,000,000 
is paid Mexico, and we receive Arizona. 



40 HISTORY BY TOPIC. 

Commodore Perry's visit to Japan secures for our mer- 
chants two ports of entry in that hermit nation (1854). 

The great Suspension Bridge across the Niagara is first 
crossed by a train on March 8, 1855. 

James Buchanan ( 1857-61 ), Democrat : — Dred Scott 
(a slave) being taken into a free state, claims his freedom; 
but Chief Justice Taney declares that a slave-holder can 
take his slaves into any state in the Union without forfeit- 
ing his right over them. Financial Panic, 1857. 

Mount Vernon, the home of Washington, purchased by 
the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, for the sum of 
v$200,coo, to be held as a national monument to him, "First 
in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his country- 
men." 

John Brozvn attempts to create an uprising to free the 
slaves. He begins by seizing the U. S. Arsenal at Har- 
per's Ferry; but is soon overpowered, and hanged as a 
traitor. South secedes. 

Abraham Lincoi^n (1861-65), Republican: — 

1861. 
Lincoln inaugurated. 
Snccessfid General given Urst. 

Vi. Sumpter — April 14th — G. T. Beauregard-Major 
Anderson. 

Bull Run — July 21st — Beauregard-McDowell. 
Trent Affair — England-United States. 



HISTORY BY TOPIC. 4I 

1862. 

Capture of Forts Henry and Donaldson by Grant. 

Shiloh— (Grant-Buell), (A. H. Johnston-Beauregard). 
Johnstpn killed. 

Island No. 10 — Gen. Pope. 

Murfreesboro — Rosecrans-Bragg. 

New Orleans — Capt. Farragut. 

Monitor and Merrimac — March 8th. 

Seven-Days-Battles — Lee-McClellan. 

Antietam — Sept. 1 7th — McClellan-Lee. 

Fredericksburg — Lee-Burnside. 1,200 loss. 

Chickamauga — Sept. 19th and 20th — Bragg-Rosecrans. 

Chattanooga — Nov. 24th and 25th — Grant-Bragg. 

Gettysburg — July 1-3 — Meade- Lee. Federal loss, 23,- 
000 ; Confederate, more. 

1864. 
Advance upon Atlanta — Sherman versus Johnston. 
Hood invades Tennessee ; is defeated at Nashville by G. 
H. Thomas, who destroys his army Dec. 15th and i6th. 
Sherman's March to the Sea. 

Battle of the Wilderness — Grant-Lee. May 5th and 6th. 
Spottsylvania — May 8- 1 2 — Grant-Lee. 
Siege of Richmond. 
Sheridan's Campaign. 

1865. 
Battle of Five Forks — April ist — Sheridan. 
Capture of Petersburg and Richmond — x\pril 2d and 3d. 



42 HISTORY BY TOPIC. 

Lee's Surrender — April 9th — Grant at Appomattox 
Court House. 

Assassination of Lincoln — April 14th — by Booth. 

Johnston's surrender to Sherman at Raleigh, N. C, 
April 26. 

The battle between the Merrimac and the Monitor, 
March 8th, 1862, was the first battle ever fought between 
iron-clad vessels and completely revolutionized naval war- 
fare. 

Sioux Indians, under Little Crow, commence horrible 
massacres in Iowa, Minnesota and Dakota. Nearly 1,000 
"pale-faces'' killed and many thousands driven from their 
homes before the Indians are routed by Col. Sibley. Bman- 
cipation Proclamation, giving freedom to all slaves in all 
states or parts of states in rebellion, was proclaimed on 
Jan. 1st, 1863. It is estimated that this war cost our nation 
over 1,000,000 able-bodied men, and left us w^ith a Na- 
tional Debt of over $2,844,000,000. 

While the country was rejoicing over the close of the 
war, they were suddenl}^ called to mourn the Assassination 
of Lincoln in Ford's Theater by John Wilkes Booth. 
Booth was pursued and shot in a barn, which had been 
fired to drive him out. 

Thirteenth Amendment, abolishing slavery, ratified in 
1865. 

Andrew Johnson declares amnesty to all but a few- 
specified classes, on Christmas day, 1868. 



HISTORY BY TOPIC. 43 

Disagreement between President and Congress over re- 
construction. The Freedmens Bureau, providing for the 
emancipated slaves and the destitute whites of the South ; 
The Civil Rights bill, guaranteeing the negroes the right 
of citizenship ; and the Tenure of Oifiee Act, making the 
consent of the Senate necessary before the President can 
remove any civil officer, were all passed over the Presi- 
dent's veto. The Impcachnient of the President, for at- 
tempting to remove Secretary of War E. M. Stanton, 
resulted in his acquittal. Fourteenth Amendment, giving 
equal civil rights regardless of race or color. The Fenians, 
a secret order, purposing to break the British rule in Ire- 
land, cross over into Canada in large numbers. Johnson 
sends Gen. Meade to stay the breach of our neutrality. 
Alaska purchased of Russia for $7,200,000. Napoleon 
III., taking his advantage while we were in the throes of 
civil war, placed a French king, Maximilian, over the 
Mexicans ; but w^ar being over, France withdraws her sup- 
port at the demand of Secretary of State W. H. Seward ; 
when Maximilian is shot by the Mexicans. First Trans- 
Atlantic Sub-Marine Telegraph laid from Newfoundland 
to Ireland (1,864 niiles) in 1858 under the supervision of 
Cyrus W. Field. A Chinese Embassy visits America — the 
first such act in the history of China — and grant us valu- 
able commercial privileges. 

U. S. Grant (1869-77), Republican: — Pacific Rail- 
road opened in 1869, making possible the development of 



44 HISTORY BY TOPIC. 

the great West. Fifteenth Amendment adopted giving the 
right to vote regardless of race, color, or previous servi- 
tude. 

Chicago Fire — caused by Mrs. OXeary's cow ("The 
cow that kicked Chicago"), kicking over a lantern, on Oc- 
tober 8th, 1871 — raged for tvv^o days; 3,000 acres were de- 
vastated, 25,000 buildings consumed, $200,000,000 worth 
of property destroyed, 100,000 persons made homeless, and 
many lives lost. At the same time fires were sweeping 
away the forests of Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Michigan ; 
whole villages being wiped out; and 1,500 lives lost in 
Wisconsin alone. 

The Boston Fire in 1872 cleans up sixty acres of the 
wholesale trade of the city ; valued at $70,000,000. 

The board of arbitration convened at Geneva, Switzer- 
land, awards the United States $15,500,000 damages from 
Great Britain for damage done us during the Civil War 
by the Alabama and other British cruisers furnished to the 
Confederates. 

Boundary in the north-west between the United States 
and Canada arbitrated, by the German Emperor, in our 
favor. 

San Domingo knocks at our door for admittance to the 
Union, but is rejected by Congress. Modoc Indians refus- 
ing to stay upon their reservation are bombarded and 
forced to submit. Panic, commencing with Jay Cook & 
Co., who had engaged too extensively in railroad schemes 
and involving numbers of important firms in ruin ( 1873). 



HISTORY BY TOPIC. 45 

The Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia in 1876, cele- 
brated the one-hundredth year of our independence. 

The Sioux Indians (1876), refusing to stay upon their 
reservation, troops are sent against them. Gen. Custer en- 
counters them with an advanced guard, where he and every 
one of his men are killed. Custer being the last man, after 
his firearms are empty defends himself with his sword, but 
is finally shot. The Indians were pursued and defeated 
by re-inforcements. 

A Contested Elect ion between Hayes and Tilden is set- 
tled by a commission of five each, senators, representatives 
and supreme court judges. Hayes declared elected. 

Ruthe:rford B. Hayks (1877-81), Republican: — 
Troops sent by Grant to sustain republican office claimants 
in South Carolina and Louisiana withdrawn and the demo- 
crats take quiet possession. Silver having been demone- 
tized in 1873, is remonetized in 1878. Fishery difficulties 
near the north-eastern coast referred to a commission 
which awards Great Britain the sum of $5,500,000. Bnii- 
gration and commercial treaties made with China. 

The Anti-Chinese Bill, prohibiting immigration of Chi- 
nese as laborers, passed over President's veto. 

GARFIE1.D AND Arthur (1881-85), Republicans: — 
Garfield Shot July 2d, 1881, while standing in the Balti- 
more and Ohio Railroad station, by Charles Guiteau, a dis- 
appointed of!ice-seeker. Civil Service Bill, regulating the 
system of appointments to office, and promotions by com- 



46 HISTORY BY TOPIC. 

petitive examinations. Letter Postage reduced to 2 cents 
per half ounce. Alaska organized into a civil and judicial 
district with seat of government at Sitka. 

Grover Ci^EvkIvAnd (1885-89), Democrat: — Noted for 
his firmness and independence from party control. Letter 
Postage reduced to 2 cents per ounce. l^Jie Presidential 
Suecession Lazv passed, providing that the order of succes- 
sion to the Presidency be as follows : Vice-President, Sec- 
retaries of State, Treasury, War; Attorney-General, Post- 
master-General, Secretaries of Navy and Interior. Char- 
leston, S. C, nearly destroyed by an earth-quake ( 1886). 

The Anti-Polygamy Bill passed, disfranchised many 
Mormons. 

Benjamin Harrison (1889-93), Republican: — Johns- 
town Flood, caused by the giving way of an embankment 
to an artificial lake. Johnstown and Conemaugh swept 
away before an avalanche of water, half a mile wide and 
forty feet deep; and $10,000,000 worth of property de- 
stroyed. International Copyright La-w enacted, giving 
copyright protection to such nations as secure like protec- 
tion to Americans. 

The Sioux Indians were — in 1890 — led to believe that 
an Indian Messiah was coming to destroy the whites. An 
attempt to disarm them at Wounded Knee, S. D., resulted 
in over 200 warriors being killed in battle. Australian bal- 
lot system introduced. Labor Strikes from Pennsylvania 
to Idaho ; one of the worst at Homestead, Pa., Steel Works, 
where many were killed or wounded (1892). 



HISTORY BY TOPIC. 47 

*^McKiiiley Bill/' a tariff bill, won fame for its author. 
William McKinle}^; but caused violent debate (1890). 

Grover CivEveIvAnd (1893-97), Democrat: — The 
World's Columbian Exposition, celebrating- the 400th 
anniversary of the discovery of America, held at Chicago. 
More than 21,000,000 paid admissions. Monetary Crisis 
and repeal of the Shcnnan Act, which required the Secre- 
tary of Treasury to purchase four and one-half million 
ounces of silver each month; thus withdrawing that 
amount from circulation. Cleveland vetoed a great many 
bills which had been hurriedly passed ; while he was right 
in so doing, he was styled by his opponents the ''Great 
Vctoer." Chinese Exclusion Bill passed, forbidding^ the 
landing in the United States of Chinese immigrants. 

WiLUAM McKiNLEY (1897-1901), RepubUcan: — 
Brigham H. Roberts, a polygamist, elected United States 
senator from Utali. This being considered a test made by 
Mormonism, the senate was flooded with petitions from all 
over the United States and Canada to refuse him a seat. 
He was rejected; and on return home was imprisoned. 

Hazuaii applies for annexation and is annexed July 6, 
1898. 

THE SPANISH WAR. 

Causes : — Cruelty of the Spaniards in prosecuting their 
w^ar against the rebellious Cubans, and destruction of the 
U. S. battleship Maine in the harbor of Havana, then con- 
trolled by the Spaniards. 



48 HISTORY BY TOPIC. 

i; 



Destruction of the Maine with 258 seamen. Feb. 15. 

Blockade of Havana and capture of Buena Ventura. 
April 22. 

Spain declares war against the United States. April 24. 

Battle of Manila Bay. May i. 

Bombardment of San Juan. May 1 2. 

Cervera's fleet reaches Santiago. May 19. 

Lieut. Hobson sinks the Merrimac. June 3. 

Battle of Guantanamo. June 10. 

Ladrone Islands taken. June 20. 

Battle of San Juan. July i. 

Destruction of Cervera's fleet. July 3. 

Santiago surrenders. July 14. 

Yellow fever appears in American camp. July 15. 

Gen. Nelson A. Miles invades Puerto Rico. July 25. 

Protocol signed. Aug. 12. 

By the Treaty of Paris, December 10, Spain ceded to 
the United States all of her possessions in the West Indies, 
except Cuba, to which she also relinquished her title; the 
Philippines upon payment of $20,000,000; and Guam, one 
of the Ladrone Islands. 

Cost of War. 

United States — Men killed, 503; men wounded, 1,415; 
cash expended, $122,000,000; ships lost, i (Merrimac), 
valued at $250,000. 

Spain — Men killed, 2,312; men wounded, 3,260; cash 



HISTORY BY TOPIC. 49 

expended, $17,500,000; ships lost, 35, valued at $36,000,- 
000. 

Many soldiers of both sides perished from disease. 
Fevers worked worse havoc than Spanish bullets among 
the Americans. 

Peace Conference at The Hague. May i8. 1899. 

THE CANTEEN. 

The government having established saloons in the army 
where the soldiers were enticed to learn to drink, wasting^ 
their money and losing their manhood, and the President, 
very much to the disgust of all decent people, refusing as 
Commander-in-Chief to prohibit it, Congress passed the 
Anti-Canteen Bill, prohibiting the sale of liquor in the 
army. 

The Twentieth Century brought with its first years 
the introduction of free delivery of rural mail ; the electric 
car as a means of travel betvveen cities — having been used 
a few years previous on the streets; the automobile as a 
means of travel, and experiments with wireless telegraphy 
on the sea. 

The Boxers, an anti-foreign society of China, attempt 
to expel all foreigners, June 19, 1900. Foreign ministers, 
ambassadors, missionaries and other foreigners were be- 
sieged. All civilized powers sent armies and forced them 
to pay a heavy fine for people murdered and property 
destroyed. New and favorable treaties made. 

John Sherman died October 22, 1900. 



50 HISTORY BY TOPIC. 

Galveston, Tex., almost annihilated by a Tornado, Sep- 
tember, 1900. 

Philippine Islands rebel. Civil government proclaimed 
there by United States authority, July 4th, 1901. 

Mrs. Carrie Nation gains a national reputation by at- 
tempting to destroy the illegal saloons of Kansas, by 
smashing bottles, casks, and furniture therein with her 
hatchet. 

The Pan-American Exposition is held in Buffalo. 

Great Petroleum oil wells put down in Texas. 

President McKini,Ey shot by Leon Czolgosz, a Polish- 
American Anarchist, September 6; and died September 
14, 1901. His last speech, the previous day in Buffalo, 
advocated Commercial Reciprocity and against trade wars. 

Theodore Roosroelt inaugurated. September 14, 1901. 

Czolgosz electrocuted. 

MERITED TITLES. 

The Great Admiral — ^John Cabot. 

Little Dug — Stephen A. Douglas. 

The Great Pacificator — Henry Clay. 

The Sage of Monticello — Thomas Jefferson. 

Old Put — Israel Putnam. 

Old Hickory — Andrew Jackson. 

Old Rough and Ready — Zachary Taylor. 

Old Tippecanoe — W. H. Harrison. 

The Rock of Chickamauga — G. H. Thomas. 



HISTORY BY TOPIC. 5 1 

Honest Abe — Abraham Lincoln. 

The Father of His Country — George Washington. 

Old Man Eloquent — J. Q. Adams. 

Little Ben — Benjamin Harrison. 

Lady Rebecca — Pocahontas. 

The Boy Governor (Michigan Territory) — Stevens T. 
Mason. 

The Electric Wizard — Thomas Edison. 

Poor Richard — Benjamin Franklin. 

Father of the Constitution — James Madison. • 

The Bachelor President — James Buchanan. 

The Lion of the Lord — Brigham Young. 

Mad Anthony — Anthony Wayne. 

The Yankee Cheese-box — The Monitor. 

Fulton's Folly — The first steamboat. 

Clinton's Big Ditch— The Erie Canal. 

The Swamp Angel — A parrott-gun used in the siege of 
Charleston. 

The Holy City— Nauvoo, 111. 

HISTORICAL SAYINGS. 

*'I would rather be right than President." — Henry Clay. 

"A public office is a public trust." — Grover Cleveland. 

''Don't cheer, boys, the poor devils are dying." — Capt. 
Phillip. 

''A government of the people, by the people, and for the 
people." — A. Lincoln. 



52 HISTORY BY TOPIC. 

''I am not worth purchasing ; but, such as I am, the king 
of Great Britain is not rich enough to buy me." — Joseph 
Reed. 

"Don't give up the ship." — Capt. Lawrence. 

''Now, thank God, I die happy." — Gen. Wolfe. 

*'So much the better; I shall not live to witness the sur- 
render of Quebec." — Gen. Montcalm. 

"This is the last of earth ; I am content." — J. Q. Adams. 

"Thomas Jefferson still lives." — John Adams. 

"I know in whom I have believed and that He is able to 
keep me against that day." — Noah Webster. 

"I would rather have written that poem (Gray's Elegy) 
than to take Quebec to-day." — Gen. Wolfe. 

"I have not yet begun to fight." — Paul Jones. 

"How beautiful to be with God." — Frances E. Willard. 

"With malice towards none and charity to all." — Lin- 
coln. 

"Good-by, all good-by. It is God's way. His w^ll be 
done, not ours." — William McKinley. 

MISCELLANEOUS SKETCHES. 
Noah Webster, son of John Webster, was born in 
Hartford, Connecticut, Oct. i6th, 1758. Was admitted to 
the bar in 1781. Published a very scientific grammar in 
1807. Twenty-five million copies of his spelling-book sold. 
Published his unabridged dictionary — a work of thirty-five 
years — in 1828. Had published many other important 
books before. The revision of his dictionary, completed, 



HISTORY BY TOPIC. 53 

was his last great work, as he died of pneumonia a few 
days after; a trusting Puritanic Christian; May 28th, 

1843. 

The Secret Ballot System, known under various 
modifications as the Australian Ballot System, was pro- 
posed by Francis S. Dutton, member of the South Austra- 
Ha legislature,, and became a law in 1857. It was soon 
adopted in other countries. First used in the United States 
in Massachusetts in 1888. The next year nine more states 
adopted it ; and it is now used by nearly every state in the 
Union. 

1814: — On Aug. 24th a British Gen. Ross burned the 
Capitol, Congressional Library, and other public buildings 
in Washington. He then sailed to attack Baltimore. 
While they were bombarding Fort McHenry, Francis S. 
Key, an American detained on board the British fleet, 
wrote The Star Spangled Banner. Before reaching Bal- 
timore Gen. Ross w^as shot by two men hidden in a tree. 
Both men were instantly shot. 

Joseph Smith, of Palmyra, N. Y., a man of very bad 
character, claimed to have had a divine revelation direct- 
ing him to a spot where he unearthed several golden plates 
bearing inscriptions, which he translated by the aid of two 
transparent stones found with them. This translation 
was performed behind curtains and written down by at- 
tendants outside, to whom he communicated it. The result 
was the book of Mormon. The Church of Mormon or 
Latter Day Saints accept the Christian Bible, but add 



54 HISTORY BY TOPIC. 

thereto the Book of Mormon, which they believe to be a 
later revelation from God. This book is very contrary to 
Christ's teachings, being low and sensual, and command- 
ing polygamy. After being driven from one place to an- 
other for their lewdness, they were bombarded at Nauvoo, 
III, and Smith was killed; then, under the leadership of 
Brigham Young, 1847, they retired into the west and 
founded Salt Lake City. Their priests are held in high 
esteem, as they claim to be directed by revelations from 
God. 

Prances E. Willard, educator, editor and reformer, was 
born at Rochester, N. Y., Sept. 28th, 1839, and died Feb. 
1 8th, 1898. She was founder and president of the 
Woman's Christian Temperance Union. 

Clara Barton, of Maine, began her public work by found- 
ing free schools in New Jersey. In 1854 she was given a 
clerkship in Washington, which she resigned to take up 
hospital service at the beginning of the Civil War. Being 
in Europe for her health, she helped in establishing hospi- 
tals in the Franco-German War, where for her services in 
the German army she was honored with the golden cross 
of Baden and the iron cross of Germany. By her efforts 
the Red CrQss Society, carrying aid to the wounded on 
every field of battle, was formed in 1881 ; she becoming its 
president. She was a United States delegate to the Inter- 
national Peace Convention at Geneva, Switzerland, in 
1884. 

Helen Gould, daughter of the multi-millionaire, Jay 



HISTORY BY TOPIC. 55 

Gould, first gained a national fame by giving $100,000 to 
aid our cause in the Spanish War. Soon after she again 
donated $25,000 to the Woman's Relief Association. She 
established at Woodycrest a home for crippled children 
picked up in the slums. She has given over $400,000 to 
found and support the Sailors' Club, Brooklyn, for the 
refined entertainment of sailors ashore without friends or 
amusements. This is a hotel containing over 100 beds, a 
restaurant, and a savings bank. She visited the hospitals 
of the Cuban soldiers, and even opened her own home as a 
hospital to the wounded boys sent home. She instituted a 
strong remonstrance against the seating of Congressman 
Roberts. She not only gives her own time and money, 
but keeps many secretaries engaged in her work of charity. 

The Toledo War — By the ordinance of 1787, the 
Northwest Territory w^as divided from north to south into 
three territories, with the proviso that there might be two 
more states formed by a dividing line running east from 
the southern extremity of Lake Michigan, which was sup- 
posed to be about five miles north of where it really is. 
When Ohio asked for statehood she asked for the old 
boundary; but Michigan claimed to the southern extrem- 
ity of the lake, which would give her Toledo. Congress 
accepted Ohio without specifying the boundary. In 1835 
Toledo becoming the head of the Miami and Erie Canal 
brought matters to a crisis. Gov. Mason of Michigan, a 
hot-headed Virginian boy of nineteen, refused to give up 
his claim. Both states raised armies of several hundred 
men. Congress offered to give Michigan the upper penin- 
sula and admit her as a state if she would give up her claim. 

She at first refused ; but the "Rtcmp Convention/' convened 
L.ofC. 



OCT 19 1901 



56 HISTORY BY TOPIC. 

at Ann Arbor in 1836, accepted; and Michigan became a 
state the next year. The only blood shed was by Two 
Stickney, who, resisting arrest by the Michigan authority, 
stabbed a deputy sheriff. 

Bdiicational Provision of Ordinance of 1787, creat- 
ing Northwest Territory: ''Religion, morality, and 
knowledge being necessary to good government and the 
happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education 
shall forever be encouraged." 

Copper Heads were a class of northern people that could 
see nothing but disaster in the prosecution of the Civil 
War, and wished for peace at any cost. 

GREAT AMERICAN INVENTIONS. 

Lightning Rods invented by Franklin I75- 

Spinning Jenny, by Hargreaves 1 767 

Cotton Gin invented by Eli Whitney 1793 

Steamboat invented by Robert Fulton 1807 

Brass Clocks by C. Jerome, about 1820-25 

Reaper or Harvester, by C. H. McCormick 183 1 

Platform Scales, by Thaddeus Fairbanks 1831 

Steam Printing Press invented by R. Hoe 1842 

Electric Telegraph invented by S. F. B. Morse 1844 

India Rubber manufacture, Goodyear 1844 

Sewing Machine, invented by Elias Howe 1846 

Type-writer, by Samuel W. Soule and C. Latham 

Sholes (Remington) 1867 

Telephone invented by A. Graham Bell 1876 

Electric Light, invented by Edison and others 1878 

Microphone, by Hughes 1878 

Liquid Air, by Prof. Tripler About 1898 



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